A Literature Review Improving Job Placement Services

A literature review illustrates how vital job placement services have been found to be in the job employment assistance endeavors. The review of previous studies reveals the â€Å"receipt of placement services† to be the â€Å"strongest predictor of employment outcomes† (Fleming et al., 2014, p. 7). A 2006 study characterized job placement as â€Å"the driving force behind the vocational rehabilitation program† (Fleming et al., 2014, p. 7). According to the researchers, the public Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) services have attained the status of â€Å"the most important vocational programs for persons with disabilities† (Fleming et al., 2014, p. 7). The authors cite the number of â€Å"new applicants [registered] nationally† as 564,908, in the 2011 Fiscal Year alone, as proof of the organization’s heavy caseload of new clients (Fleming et al., 2014, p. 7). These numbers indicate that rehabilitation services have been in high demand. C onsidering the importance of the vocational programs in assisting the disabled clients who are in need of employment, the authors determined that it was appropriate to examine the different ways these services can be rendered. The methodology employed in this study was a modified consensual qualitative research, undertaken through the use of semistructured interviews conducted in accordance with CQR criteria. The study researchers selected a total of thirty-five employees from five different Rehabilitation Service Administration regions to participate in theShow MoreRelatedOperations of Goodwill Industries International1190 Words   |  5 Pagesnot-for-profit organizations that provides employment placement services, job training as well as other community-based programs for individuals who are disabled, lack education or any job experience or face employment challenges. Our analysis indicated that the huge gap or disparity between CEO and average employee pay resulted in low motivation among the workers.The paper explores the theoretical underpinnings of employee motivation as well as ways of improving employee motivation. Transformational leadershipRead MoreThe Effect of Job Rotation on Employee Produc tivity1815 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Effect Of Job Rotation on Employee Productivity Research Proposal Objective The objective of this study is to examine the effect of job rotation on employee productivity. Toward this end, this study will conduct a review of literature in this area of inquiry. Introduction The success of the business organization is fundamentally dependent upon the level of employee motivation in the organization. The focal goal of every business organization is realization of profits and business decisionsRead MoreStatement Of The Problem. Any Organization Whether It Is1602 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is measured by their performance. The Ethiopian civil service reform program is intended to bring about development to the country by replacing the old management practice with a new and a better system that would improve service delivery. The reform has five subprograms; human resource management which is one among the sub programs is designed to focuses on developing result based performance management system in the civil service. This system faces various problems related to with its systemRead MoreI Am An Integral Learning Experience929 Words   |  4 Pagesskills and improving my self-confidence. This work-study has serve as an integral learning experience. In the beginning of my initial internship I was mostly focus on learning by observing. I was able to observe everything that goes on from going through the client’s chart; to attending staff meetings and other service delivery. I was given very limited responsibility at first and most tasks were coordinated with my supervisor. In the following weeks I was exposed to the elements of my placement and wasRead MoreThe Health and Social Care Environment Is Rapidly Changing. Critically Analyse the Implications of the Changes for Your Professional Practice and Discuss Your Responses to These Changes.2828 Words   |  12 Pagespractice and how if possible they maybe overcome. Background Queuing is feature of our daily life, whether in an airport, a post office or Emergency Departments(ED), few of us wishes to wait too long for service. The clinical cost of waiting too long for urgent treatment in an ED is all too long for service. Following media headlines, pooled with powerful political agenda lead to, in the late 1990s and the early 2000s many ED in the UK were struggling with high demand and poor patient flow. During thisRead MoreThe Disability Employment Discourse Within The Perceptions Of People With Ldd And Their Circle Of Support2070 Words   |  9 PagesThis literature review was designed to investigate awareness of the disability employment discourse within the perceptions of people with LDD and their circle of support; what do the people it directly affects know about employment services and opportunities? It focuses on one question: What are parents, carers and young people’s understanding of employment opportunities for those with learning diffic ulties and disabilities? In order to address this question, academic and policy literature from theRead MoreQuestion 2. Review The Scholarly Literature Within The6014 Words   |  25 PagesQUESTION 2 Review the scholarly literature within the field of your program specialization related to your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic. Analyze the reviewed literature to determine what is already known about your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic and what remains unknown. Synthesize your findings and evaluate how a study on your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic could be designed to advance the scholarly research in this area while maintainingRead MoreAnalysis of Frederick W Smiths Tenure as the Chairperson, President, and CEO of FedEx Corporation1280 Words   |  5 Pagesjust be a report Smiths tenure, but it will actively analyze his leadership of the FedEx Corporation and how he has affected the placement of the company in the market against its competitors such as UPS. We will see how he has combined the best of Yale and the Marine Corps to give the company a leading edge in the package delivery business. II-Analysis-Literature Review-Biography Fred Smith, is the founder CEO of FedEx, the first overnight express delivery company in the world, and the largestRead MoreThe Impact Of Nurse Practitioners1935 Words   |  8 PagesFry, M. (2011). Literature review of the impact of nurse practitioners in critical care services. Nursing In Critical Care, 16(2), 58-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-5153.2010.00437.x This article reviews international literature, regarding the value added in the use of critical care nurse practitioners in inpatient hospital settings. A greater impact was noted with the Adult Critical Care Nurse Practitioners including role activities such as direct patient management, post care follow-upRead MoreNurses Practitioners And Physician Assistants3490 Words   |  14 Pagesbut that they should be part of an interdisciplinary care team. â€Å"Evidence indicates shorter stays, higher satisfaction among patients, increased work efficiency, and higher quality outcomes when acute care nurse practitioners are part of unit- or service-based provider teams (Haut Madden, 2015). As an aid to increase healthcare availability and improve patient outcomes With the passing of the Affordable Care Act, there are now more patients than ever seeking healthcare in the United States. This

Brand Loyalty free essay sample

Brand Loyalty One of the most desirable traits that marketers would like to see in the consumers they are positioning their product towards is loyalty to their brand. Brand loyalty can be defined as â€Å"the extent of the faithfulness of consumers to a particular brand, expressed through their repeat purchases, irrespective of the marketing pressure generated by the competing brands. (Business Dictionary, 2012) An expression of brand loyalty from consumers can help companies to experience significant growth not only through repeat purchases, but also word-of-mouth: brand-loyal consumers who talk among their peers about their purchasing behaviour may talk positively about the brand they like, which allows these consumers to try these recommended brands – which they might not have tried otherwise – thus expanding a business’ market and increasing its profits. Since brand loyalty can play a significant role in a business’ performance, it is important that marketers understand the different factors that lead to consumers showing brand loyalty. One of the main contributing factors to brand loyalty is satisfaction. According to Ha, Janda and Park’s (2009), satisfaction can be achieved through a â€Å"rich employee-related customer orientation†. In addition, the perceived quality of the product on offer was found to have a positive effect on South Korean consumers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty. The need for a high level of customer orientation is further discussed and confirmed by Lee, Knight and Kim (2008), who commented that a consumer-oriented approach was crucial in market strategies to appeal to Korean consumers. In addition, the authors gave the example of Wal-Mart’s entry into the Korean market to demonstrate the need for foreign companies to adapt their strategies in order to successfully appeal and cater to Korean consumers. Yoon and Kim (2000) provide two more contributing factors to building brand loyalty among consumers. Going on the fact that repurchasing is a part of the definition of brand loyalty, the authors suggest that a firm needs to either improve the overall impression that its firm or brand gives its consumers; otherwise, the firm must provide an incentive for repurchasing (e. g. coupons or special offers and discounts) – both of these factors, when implemented together, will provide the best chances of increasing consumers’ loyalty towards the firm or brand. The authors go on to discuss one of the important findings of their research which shows why consumers choose not to be loyal to a brand and thus switch to another. They argue that firms need to minimise or remove the factors they found that lead to what is described as â€Å"negative expectation disconfirmation†, which are listed here: avoid raising consumers’ expectations beyond the level at which the firm can consistently deliver; focus on what the customer wants and expects rather than the firm’s production constraints; respect price sensitivity, as some people feel their loyalty is exploited as prices increase. If a firm were to implement these changes in order to seek an attitude of customer orientation and improve their corporate image, how would they go about it? One of the ways this is being done nowadays more than ever is through the use of social media. Kabani (2012), CEO of The Marketing Zen Group, posted an article with the following tips for making loyal customers through the creation of social media content: interact; be helpful; make your fans the stars; offer perks; be transparent. Taking the example of the whiskey brand, Johnnie Walker, it can be seen how these tips work for an established brand to retain customers and make them loyal to the brand. Johnnie Walker, a brand which boasts international success based on a long history of creating quality whiskey blends (John Walker Sons, 2012), has set up Johnnie Walker Facebook pages for all the major markets it caters to. Looking at the Johnnie Walker Singapore Facebook page, it can be seen that all the tips recommended by Kabani are implemented in some way. The page administrators create posts every one or two days for people who have â€Å"liked† the page to look at, share with friends and comment on. These posts are not just about Johnnie Walker whiskey products, but also sporting events (Johnnie Walker is a sponsor of the McLaren-Mercedes team in the Formula 1) and interesting facts relating to distinguished people or events. Helpful posts, such as exclusive recipes for preparing seasonal cocktails with Johnnie Walker products, are shared on this page. Johnnie Walker makes its fans the stars through competitions to win a place at the Circuit Lounge, which is the party held during the Singapore Formula 1 Grand Prix, where Johnnie Walker selects people from its list of people who have â€Å"liked† the page, to receive guest passes for the exclusive party. The names of the winners are then posted on the page. At other times, content shared by fans will be shared and re-posted by the page administrators. Besides the exclusive party invitations, Johnnie Walker posts sneak previews of new limited edition product releases or information on upcoming events related to the brand. Finally, whenever fans have questions about products or events and are awaiting responses, the page administrators promptly reply to inform them of the situation (e. g. why a letter has yet to be received). This method of interacting with consumers can be deemed successful for building brand loyalty as so many fans have posted comments about how much they love the brand and enjoy it for the special occasions in their lives (Johnnie Walker Singapore, 2012). Recommendations for Marketing Managers In relation to brand loyalty, a firm wishing to enter the South Korean market must keep in mind the necessity of creating a brand image that is consistent with how they wish to be perceived, the level of service the firm can deliver consistently, and being truly customer-oriented. When South Korean consumers are satisfied with a product provided through customer-oriented service, then these consumers are more likely to show loyalty towards a brand, leading to repeat purchases, which benefits firms through increased market share and profits. Establishing brand loyalty among consumers is feasible through the creation of interesting, informative, helpful and customer-oriented social media content. A successful portrayal of the brand’s values through frequent interaction with consumers is essential to getting consumers not only to learn more about the brand, but sharing this knowledge with their peers, which leads to increased and repeated purchases. This also contributes to an increase in a firm’s market share and profits. The important thing to recognise is that building brand loyalty gives firms a competitive advantage: brand image is something that is unique to each firm, and as such, it can prove to make the difference when a consumer needs to make a purchasing decision between two brands of a similar product. When the brand image of the firm entering the South Korean market shows a strong sense of customer-orientation and consistent delivery of expectations, its chances of succeeding in the market will be higher than those firms who fail to recognise how important customer-orientation is to South Korean consumers. Bibliography Business Dictionary, 2012. What is brand loyalty? Business Dictionary, published 2012, lt; http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/brand-loyalty. htmlgt; Ha, H. Y. , Janda, S. , Park, S. K. , 2009. Role of satisfaction in an integrative model of brand loyalty: Evidence from China and South Korea, International Marketing Review, Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 198-220 John Walker Sons, 2012. Our Labels. Johnnie Walker, published 2012, Johnnie Walker Singapore, 2012. Johnnie Walker Singapore, Facebook, updated 11 October 2012, Kabani, S. , 2012. How to build brand loyalty through social media, The Business Journals, published 24 August 2012, Lee, M. Y. , Knight, D. , Kim, Y. K. , 2008. Brand analysis of a US global brand in comparison with domestic brands in Mexico, Korea, and Japan, Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 163-174 Yoon, S. J. , Kim, J. H. , 2000. An empirical validation of a loyalty model based on expectation disconfirmation, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 120-136

What You Should Know About Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby and Why

What You Should Know About Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby and Why The Definitive Approach to Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby It can be useful to create a very simple outline before hand to guide how you will go about your essay. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. There is truly a lot that you are able to speak about in your essay if you take a look at the bigger sweeping ideas and find out how relevant they still are to the human condition. Browsing our essay writing samples can provide you a sense whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. That means that you can't just throw a quote in your writing and continue on! The cover of the very first printing of The Great Gatsby is one of the most celebrated parts of art in American literature. Utilizing the essay topics below for Great Gatsby in combination with the list of important quotes at the base of the webpage, you ought to have no trouble connecting with the text and writing a fantastic paper. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! A Secret Weapon for Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby Another important facet of the American dream is it implies that financial success is a consequence of the difficult work and nothing else. There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. If however, you think the endeavor is a little too much for, there is not any shame in conta cting the professionals. The knowledge which he won't be punished lets Tom do a wide range of things that are mistaken. New Ideas Into Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby Never Before Revealed A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment very quickly and can help you boost your grades. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer since you can not ever be sure whether you are employing the ideal service or not. Good rating and very good reviews should tell you whatever you will need to understand about this excellent writing service. This awesome website, including experienced business for 9 decades, is one of the primary pharmacies on the web. Top Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby Choices The baby must be a stunning fool as a way to be happy and successful. You've got a really fantastic kiss. The kid is never around, which shows a good deal about Daisy. And such mansions aren't owned by regular Joes such as you and me, which means y ou already be aware that the guy who owns it's a millionaire. Top Choices of Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby This sample focuses on all these subjects and ought to give you a lot of inspiring suggestions to work with. Obviously, you could be assigned many prompt variations. Our complete summary outlines exactly what the results are in the novel, and the big characters and themes. If you only learn the fundamentals of the plot, you won't have sufficient understanding about the book to conduct a correct analysis. Life, Death, and Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby Whenever you choose to ask us for expert guidance, don't hesitate to speak to our support managers. Therefore, it's ok to receive a bit personal here and convey your standpoint. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. It implies that if an individual isn't born into wealth from the start, they won't be in a position to climb the l adder of social respect irrespective of how hard they try. Money prominently rules the lives of the folks in the story. In reality, Daisy even promised to wait around for Jay. Nick starts attending Gatsby's parties and attempts to get to understand the guy. This article has your back! Wilson covets Tom's car as it would give him the chance to expand his organization and enhance his social position. George Wilson is a great individual. I'll offer you 8 helpful methods for writing a great literary analysis on The Great Gatsby. Gatsby becomes corrupted because his principal purpose is to have Daisy. The odds are extremely great that you should compose a paper on The Great Gatsby. Thus, let's take a glimpse at a number of of the The Great Gatsby essay prompts you might discover impressive. Gatsby's dream was supposed to get Daisy. The green light is of excellent significance within this novel. Things You Should Know About Essay Topics about the Great Gatsby It's almost always a great, or rather an ideal match, when an attractive story meets an exemplary narrator. Because The Great Gatsby is told in the very first person, there's some bias in just what the narrator describes. The story would likewise be very different if it was told in the third-person standpoint. And this isn't the close of the story yet.

So you see, every thing we do brings us closer to making a great opinion. And we will come up with some great ideas in our next life time too. The What Expresses the Writers Opinion on the Topic

So you see, every thing we do brings us closer to making a great opinion. And we will come up with some great ideas in our next life time too. The What Expresses the Writer's Opinion on the Topic'The What Expresses the Writer's Opinion on the Topic' is the title of a very interesting short essay. But it is not just a wordy essay about an opinionated writer. It is really a thought provoking and well-written essay that will inform and inspire you to do your part to save our world. I really enjoyed this article and I hope that you will enjoy reading it as well.In the present world it seems that it is easy to say anything and one can use many excuses such as talking to yourself in order to convince people of your own ideas, referring to things you don't understand, or just simply expressing your opinions on any subject by force. This article will show you that saying the what expresses the writer's opinion on the topic is actually something much harder than you might think.We are taught to write about things we believe in or experience. But how does the essay we compose give us the right to express our opinion on any topic? Well, if you think about it, it is quite obvious that a poem should not be able to express my own opinion on politics because I am not a politician nor should a screenplay about the birth of Christ to be able to express my own opinion on any subject. But what does the essay we produce from an idea mean? Is it really something special?It is rather true that to be able to express your opinion, you have to give an idea. And a good idea cannot be expressed through words alone. In order to do it, you need to be able to tell your story and share what inspire you with others.In the essay 'The What Expresses theWriter's Opinion on the Topic', I am going to share a story from my life, a story that will inspire, and it is going to be in response to this question: 'What does the essay I am writing mean?' I'm going to tell my story, but the reason I decided to write this article is to teach you that a good idea does not come from nothing. An idea comes from someone who has a unique way of thinking about a problem, someone who sees something from a different perspective, someone who tells his or her story. The idea comes from someone who asks questions and makes observations about a certain subject, or a special person.This very interesting short essay is meant to motivate you to come up with your own unique ideas that you can share with the world. In this essay, I will share with you the most interesting point about how I came up with my own idea to help my country. My idea came when I was walking along the beach with my children, and I saw a fisherman standing on a rock. He did not seem to be in a hurry at all, just enjoying the calm of the moment.As I watched him, I suddenly started to wonder if there were other fishermen out there that had to work as hard as he did, and why didn't they hang out on the beach and fish for hours? Then , I saw a young woman sitting by the side of the water. She looked to be around twenty years old, maybe early twenties. She was wearing flip flops, a black bikini top and white tennis shoes. And she looked happy. When I thought about it, she might be the perfect woman to be the next President of the United States.

College Essay Examples - How to Write an Essay That Will Get You Accepted

College Essay Examples - How to Write an Essay That Will Get You AcceptedCollege essay examples can help you decide what you want to do in college and why you want to attend the college. The best way to learn about the college requirements is by taking a college guide. By taking the right information, you will be able to get into a school easily. Writing an essay is actually very easy, but knowing how to practice the structure and practice of the subject matter will make the difference between getting accepted or not.The best way to practice a good essay is through college essay examples. Writing a good essay consists of several parts. First, you need to think of the right topic and choose the right words to make the perfect statement. Next, you need to know the sentence structure. Lastly, you need to work on the persuasive factor, because the subject will determine your grades.For example, if your school's general courses are English, math, science, social studies, you should includ e them as the focus of your essay. The reason why you should include them is that English is the foundation of all other subjects, so it is good to have it as the first topic in your essay. You can also add in some of the social studies, especially American history and culture and then turn to the math section for all your students.The essay examples are perfect to put everything in order. They can give you the tips you need to know how to make a topic interesting. These college essay examples are usually organized in an order that would make the reader able to read your essay easily.The college essay examples are not only helpful in writing your own essay, but they are also useful for the teacher. In order to make sure that you have some content in your class, the teacher would ask you to write one. So, they would actually find out whether you know what you are talking about or not. So, you would be able to put your abilities to the test.Most people do not know how the essay exampl es help them. Students would love to have college essay examples as a tool to understand how the essay should be structured. So, they will be able to use it in college when they are studying for their future career and would be able to write better essays in the future.Finally, a lot of students would like to have college essay examples for different reasons. In a class, students are often nervous to know that they would be used to write an essay. But if they have an example of how they can do it right, they would surely have the confidence to write better essays and learn to write better in general.

How to Write a Sample Turning Point in an Apush Essay

How to Write a Sample Turning Point in an Apush EssayTo write an Apush essay, it's important to know what a sample turning point is and how you will do this. There are some things that you can do to help you when you are just starting to write the essay.The sample turning point is basically the turning point where your knowledge of the topic will be tested. You can use this information as a stepping stone to build your knowledge of the topic. A turning point will be a point where something will change and if you are able to point to this change, you can write a good example of the topic.One of the most important things to keep in mind is that the turning point is about one thing only. It is not an attempt to explain something in more depth. For example, in writing an essay on the matter of chocolate or cars, this isn't the case.Another thing to remember is that there are two types of turning points in essays: the critical turning point and the event turning point. A critical turning point will lead into a conclusion. This is the point where you need to be on point with the topic to make it easy for the reader to understand.Event turning points will lead into the essay's conclusion. You will need to know how to relate this event to the topic. This is another way to tell when the turning point is about one topic.When you are writing a turning point, you will need to write a summary. Remember that you will need to have a short summary at the top of the paper. Then you will need to do this at the bottom of the page.After you have done this, you will want to add an essay to the end of the paper. This will make the turn-around quicker and easier. You will also need to make sure that you add an introduction to the essay as well.As you are writing your sample turning point, you should also consider a number of other things. You need to consider the academic level of the reader and whether or not they are in school. Also you will need to consider the level of the studen ts in the class and what their interests are.

Period of African American Literature Slavery and Freedom Essay Example

Period of African American Literature: Slavery and Freedom Essay Douglasss influential career in the anti-slavery movement and postwar politics owed much to his early education in the possibilities and limitations for African-American freedom taught to him by Baltimores black community in the antebellum eraBaltimore introduced a young, enslaved Frederick Douglass to the ambiguities of freedom for African Americans in the antebellum United States. Douglass lived in Baltimore intermittently from his arrival in the city in 1826 at the age of eight until he escaped from slavery twelve years later. Reflecting the ambiguities of black life in antebellum Baltimore, Douglass could assert that a city slave is almost a free man compared with a slave on the plantation and lament that while in Baltimore I often found myself regretting my own existence and wishing myself dead (Narrative 50, 56). Douglasss contradictory impressions of his adolescence as a slave in Baltimore, impressions of comparative liberty and abject despair, reflected the larger paradox of African-American life in the city that claimed Americas largest black population at the time of the Civil War. Situated on the border of slavery and freedom, Baltimore created space for African Americans to develop dynamic institutions that proved vital to their post-emancipation history. Yet these institutions developed under severe restrictions on the freedom of non-slave African Americans that white Baltimoreans devised to replace the increasingly impractical bonds of slavery. Black agency amid the constraints and opportunities of an urban slave society provided Douglass with his first classroom in the limits of freedom for nineteenth-century African Americans.Between 1790 and 1860, the institution of slavery declined in Baltimore but the boundaries of African-American freedom narrowed considerably. When free blacks posed little threat to white privilege, as in the 1790s, whites imposed relatively few limitations on them. But as the free black population grew so did racial compet ition for jobs and social power. Whites responded to the dynamism of free African Americans by circumscribing their liberty. Douglass lived in Baltimore when free African Americans made substantial economic gains and expanded an already powerful network of black institutions. By the time of the Civil War whites rolled back many of the gains of the 1830s and pushed free blacks to the edge of slavery. Douglass first witnessed white racism towards free blacks during this tightening of Baltimores restrictions on non-slave African Americans that coincided with slaverys demise.Baltimore grew from a small village of under 500 in 1750 to a major port with 13,503 in 1790. Slave numbers rose along with the citys total population, but slavery never served as the dominant source of labor nor did slave ownership generate great fortunes in Baltimore. Trading opportunities in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars created most of the wealth in early national Baltimore. When compared with regions li ke southern Maryland in which slaves comprised one third of the total population and coastal South Carolina where slaves were in the majority, Baltimores early national ratio of fewer than one slave to every ten free people seems small. Barbara Jeanne Fields found that over time slaves declined in the citys economy and population while free African Americans grew in importance.In the 1790s, Baltimores slaves outnumbered free African Americans, and slaves mattered more to white employers than did free black labor. Slavery combined with white artisanal labor to stratify the labor force according to race and skill. In an 1810 occupational survey of the citys white men, over half of those listed held jobs in craft production (Browne 58). These skilled white craftsmen buttressed their power with slave labor. Wealthier craftsmen, who comprised 28% of Baltimore slave holders in 1800, paid the high initial investment in slaves and profited if product demand remained steady for goods made by unpaid slaves (Steffen 38). This division of industrial labor between slaves and artisans established a rigid hierarchy within the work force that precluded violent competition for jobs and reduced the need for elaborate constraints on non-slave African Americans.In craft production, master craftsmen controlled apprentices who gave up personal autonomy to learn a skill. While the status of white apprentices was the envy of slaves, both craft production and slavery relied on personal authority and modes of labor discipline outside of wages. Pride in craft knowledge and the promotion system that led from apprenticeship to wage-earning journeyman and later self-employed master craftsman mitigated work-place tensions within the craft system.This divided labor market operated via a widely recognized legal and caste system, i.e. slavery that explicitly linked racial and class status. The combination of artisan production and slavery privileged white craftsmen at the expense of slave labo r. Enough artisans followed the traditional route towards self-employment to reduce fears that unskilled wage laborers and slaves threatened craft workers livelihoods. Furthermore, few white workers wanted jobs, or legal status, that African-American slaves held, and many slave-owning craftsmen opposed removal of slaves from trades also pursued by white labor. In later years free white and black workers violently competed for semi-skilled jobs, but early national Baltimores economy prevented this violence by rigidly segmenting the labor market between craft workers and slaves.Partly because most African Americans in early national Baltimore were slaves, the citys few free blacks enjoyed relatively more independence in the 1790s than they would in the 1830s or 1850s. In 1790, free blacks represented 20% of Baltimore African Americans and only 2% of all city residents. White Baltimoreans did not recognize this comparatively small group as a threat to slavery or white privilege, and co nsequently afforded non-slave African Americans measures of autonomy unthinkable to whites forty years later.Examples of free African-American achievement abounded in 1790s Baltimore. The city hosted free black artists like Joshua Johnson and engineer and almanac author Benjamin Banneker. The inter-racial Maryland Society for the Abolition of Slavery operated in the 1790s under the leadership of white Quaker merchant Elisha Tyson. The Society sued on behalf of free blacks wrongfully enslaved and campaigned for emancipation. Although unpopular with slave owners, the Society succeeded in founding a school for blacks, the African Academy, in 1797. Free black Marylanders had the right to vote until 1808, and in 1792 Thomas Brown, a free African American living in Baltimore, ran as a candidate for the Maryland House of Delegates (Graham 23).Free blacks received encouragement from evangelical Protestants. White Methodists and Quakers had been the strongest opponents of slavery in late-eig hteenth-century Maryland. The 1780 Baltimore Conference of American Methodists resolved that slavery was contrary to the dictates of conscience and pure religion (Wesley 41). As part of the American Revolutions spread of liberty, evangelical sects promoted emancipation in the North and Upper South in the late 1700s. In 1784, the Methodist Society ordered all slave-owning congregants to manumit their bondsmen in one year or face expulsion. Methodist slave owners freed thousands of slaves in late eighteenth-century Maryland. Evangelicalisms anti-slavery message and its circumvention of learned clergy, church ritual, and hierarchical organization attracted African-American worshippers (Frey 245-251).But within Methodism whites maintained some of the larger societys norms of racial subordination. Baltimores white Methodists ordained few black ministers, insisted that blacks wait until all whites had received communion before taking the sacrament, and segregated black worshippers in uppe r-level galleries (Gardner, Free Blacks 51). In 1785, the Methodist Society reversed itself and allowed slave owners to remain in the church. Although individual ministers continued to uphold antislavery tenets, by 1800 the emancipatory promise of the Revolution had faded from evangelicalism.In the late 1780s some Baltimore black Methodists began holding separate prayer meetings from whites. Declaring in 1797 that in view of the many inconveniences arising from the problem of white and colored people assembling in public, these dissidents formalized their break with whites by founding the Bethel Church on Saratoga Street in order to procure of ourselves a separate place in which to assemble (Wesley 129). Bethel later affiliated with Richard Allens African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in 1816 and became the leading black church in Baltimore (Graham 72). Another group of African-American dissenters remained within the white Methodist fold, but formed their own congregation at the Sharp Street M.E. Church in 1802. Sharp Street sometimes used white ministers, but maintained a black board of directors, and drew its congregants exclusively from the African-American community (Gardner, Free Blacks 55).The experience of black evangelicals in early national Baltimore illustrated a larger process at work for the citys African Americans. In the early national era most Baltimore blacks were slaves living under the rigid discipline of white masters. Consequently, whites interested in maintaining racial hierarchy paid little attention to the comparatively small free black community, and believed that it did not immediately threaten white privilege based on slavery. Anti-slavery evangelicals organized publicly in Baltimore and free African Americans claimed many of the liberties enjoyed by whites. But racism existed even within inter-racial, anti-slavery organizations like the Methodists, and it helped persuade African Americans that autonomous institutions could better guard their interests than ones influenced by white leaders. As slavery declined in significance in the citys economy, laws and customs aimed at restricting the liberty of free blacks increased. The pressure of racial proscription convinced Baltimores growing free African-American community that autonomous organizations provided the best means for advancement.When Douglass arrived in Baltimore, the city was undergoing a profound social and economic transformation from a small port that serviced Maryland tobacco and wheat farmers to a much larger industrial and commercial center tied to international markets. This change, which paralleled the development of northern ports like New York and Philadelphia, created demand for thousands of temporary workers to move cargoes on city docks, assemble products in newly built factories, and tend to the homes of the prosperous. Baltimores hierarchy of industrial employment grounded in craft production and slavery fell apart between 1820 and 1860 because free blacks and European immigrants flooded the citys labor market and large-scale factories eclipsed artisan production in craft workshops. Baltimore grew to 212,000 people in 1860, making it Americas third largest city. After 1810, the slave population declined while the number of European immigrants and free African Americans dramatically increased. In 1860, Baltimore was 62% native-born white, 25% foreign born, and 13% African American. As workers these new residents possessed neither craft knowledge nor the legal status of slaves. They met factory owners growing demand for unskilled workers, and, in a larger context, helped re-make the working class in mid-nineteenth-century cities.From 1830-60, factories employing semi-skilled and unskilled wage laborers replaced craft workshops as the dominant form of manufacturing in Baltimore. In 1833, craft workshops with under ten employees made 70% of Baltimores manufactured goods (Muller 165). By 1860, factory owners had supers eded craftsmen as the major Baltimore producers. That year over half of the industrial work force toiled in factories with 50 or more employees, and industries averaging more than 49 workers per shop comprised the four most valuable producers of manufactured goods in Baltimore (Muller 170; Dept. of Commerce 220-222). This growth in large-scale manufacturing coincided with a decline in the total number of producers, many of them craftsmen (Garonzik 75). In the 1850s, Baltimore artisans still supplied local consumers, but factory owners strengthened their hold on industry and displaced many self-employed craftsmen in the process.Slavery existed on the margins of this economy. In the 1830s free African Americans outnumbered slaves by a ratio of five to one, and fewer and fewer slaves found work in manufacturing jobs critical to the economic growth of the period. In the late antebellum era women made up 75% of Baltimore slaves and worked mainly as domestic servants. Some free domestic s ervants accumulated money and improved their standing. Anna Murray, a free-born domestic and Douglasss wife, used her wages to finance Douglasss escape from Baltimore. But many servants lived like Serena Johnson, a slave domestic separated from her parents at age six and brought to Baltimore to serve as the maid and childrens playmate of a prosperous white merchant family. Most jobs held by male slaves had been replaced by free labor by 1850 (Towers, Serena Johnson 334).Douglass found work in 1830s Baltimore as a hired slave, an anomalous position that epitomized the ambiguous status of slaves in a city reliant on mobile wage laborers to perform most tasks. Douglass returned to Baltimore in 1836 following a critical three-year period in which he fought back against the brutal slave-breaker Edward Covey and plotted an escape from William Freelands farm. His master, Thomas Auld, arranged for Douglass to return to the home of Aulds brother Hugh and learn a trade as a slave apprentice. Like many urban masters Thomas Auld held out the promise of manumission to Douglass at a later date (Douglasss 25th birthday in this case) if he would give his wages to Auld until that date. The Aulds hoped to realize profits from their slave and give Douglass an incentive to work hard and obey orders (McFeely 59). By requiring slaves to work for wages for a third party and transfer their earnings to their masters, slave hiring fit the needs of urban slave owners, like widows and retirees, who had no profitable work of their own for their slaves. Margaret Burgwell, a Baltimore widow, supported herself in the late 1850s by hiring out her five slaves to work as servants for $25 to $100 a year. Burgwell averaged $338 annually through this system. By expropriating the value of her slaves labor, Burgwell supported herself, and employers obtained servants for under $0.35 per day.Urban practices like slave hiring opened cracks in the discipline of slavery that educated Douglass in the poss ibilities of freedom and the injustice of slavery. In 1838, Hugh Auld relied on Douglass to seek out employers and negotiate payment terms on his own. Like Douglass, many hired slaves resided apart from their masters and lived like free blacks in almost all respects. This increased autonomy made the remaining controls of slavery appear even more unjust. Commenting on his daily wage of $1.50, Douglass stated I contracted for it, worked for it, earned it, collected it; it was paid to me, and it was rightfully my own (My Bondage 319). Made more aware of slaverys theft of labor value because he weekly gave his earnings to Auld, Douglass found that the comparative liberties of urban slavery made the institutions injustice more glaring.